Saffarzadeh M, Rezaee-Arjroody A (2009) Cost-benefit analysis of electronic toll collection (ETC) system in Iranian freeways (case study : Tehran-Qom freeway). Technical report, Texas Department of Transportation, Austin. Persad K, Walton CM, Wang Z, Hussain S, Robertson C (2007) Electronic vehicle identification: industry standards, performance, and privacy issues. International Bridge, Tunnel & Turnpike Association (IBTTA) In: PIARC seminar on road pricing with emphasis on financing, regulation and equity. Waersted K (2005) Urban tolling in Norway-practical experiences, social and environmental impacts and plans for future systems. Huang ZN, Pan JC, Wu YJ, Huang CY (2006) Investigation on health effect of indoor air pollution in the toll-gates. Technical report, Transport Corporation of India & Indian Institute of Management Calcutta Mitra S (2014) Operational efficiency of freight transportation by road in India. It was observed that a 42, 22, and 64% reduction in CO 2, CO, and NO x emissions, respectively, can be achieved during a 24-h period when the current usage of ETC lanes is doubled and service rate of 700 veh/h is achieved in the ETC lane. Subsequently, several scenarios of ETC usage were simulated, based on the arrival rates of vehicles and service time at the toll booth counter, and emissions were estimated. Existing levels of CO 2, CO, and NO x were calculated while vehicles were idling in the queue, while they moved slowly in the queue toward the toll booth counter, as well as while they were at the toll booth counter. This paper develops a planning-level methodology to demonstrate the benefit ETC toll booths may have on reducing emissions. As they are at a relatively early stage of implementation, the demonstrated benefits of reduced delay and emissions, when compared to manual toll collection (MTC), may not be evident immediately. Toll plazas across India have been deploying electronic toll collection (ETC) systems since 2010.
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